Path-based and triplification approaches to mapping data into RDF: user behaviours and recommendations

Mapping complex structured data to RDF, e.g. for the creation of linked data, requires a clear understanding of the data, but also a clear understanding of the paradigm used by the mapping tool. We illustrate this with an empirical study com-paring two different mapping paradigms from the perspective of usability, in particular from the perspective of user errors. One paradigm uses path descriptions, e.g. JSONPath or XPath, to access data elements; the other uses a default triplification which can be queried, e.g. with SPARQL. As an example of the former, the study used YARRRML, to map from CSV, JSON and XML to RDF. As an example of the latter, the study used an extension of SPARQL, SPARQL Anything, to query the same data and CONSTRUCT a set of triples. Our study was a qualitative one, based on observing the kinds of errors made by par-ticipants using the two paradigms with identical mapping tasks, and using a grounded approach to categorize these errors. Whilst there are difficulties common to the two paradigms, there are also difficulties specific to each paradigm. For each para-digm, we present recommendations which help ensure that the mapping code is consistent with the data and the desired RDF. We propose future developments to reduce the difficulty users experience with YARRRML and SPARQL Anything. We also make some general recommendations about the future development of mapping tools and techniques. Finally, we propose some research questions for future investigation.